MySQL表类型 存储引擎 的选择

目录
  • 1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎
    • 方法1:
    • 方法2:
  • 2、engine={存储引起类型}  创建表的时候,设置存储引擎
    • 3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎
      • 3.1 常用存储引擎的对比
      • 3.2 常用存储引擎学习(myisam、innodb、memory 和 merge)

    1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎

    方法1:

    mysql> show engines \g;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
          engine: innodb
         support: yes
         comment: supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys
    transactions: yes
              xa: yes
      savepoints: yes
    *************************** 2. row ***************************
          engine: mrg_myisam
         support: yes
         comment: collection of identical myisam tables
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 3. row ***************************
          engine: memory
         support: yes
         comment: hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 4. row ***************************
          engine: blackhole
         support: yes
         comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears)
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 5. row ***************************
          engine: myisam
         support: default
         comment: myisam storage engine
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 6. row ***************************
          engine: csv
         support: yes
         comment: csv storage engine
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 7. row ***************************
          engine: archive
         support: yes
         comment: archive storage engine
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 8. row ***************************
          engine: performance_schema
         support: yes
         comment: performance schema
    transactions: no
              xa: no
      savepoints: no
    *************************** 9. row ***************************
          engine: federated
         support: no
         comment: federated mysql storage engine
    transactions: null
              xa: null
      savepoints: null
    9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    error:
    no query specified
    

    方法2:

    (value 显示为“disabled”的记录表示支持该存储引擎,但是数据库启动的时候被禁用。)

    mysql> show variables like 'have%';
    +------------------------+----------+
    | variable_name          | value    |
    +------------------------+----------+
    | have_compress          | yes      |
    | have_crypt             | no       |
    | have_dynamic_loading   | yes      |
    | have_geometry          | yes      |
    | have_openssl           | disabled |
    | have_profiling         | yes      |
    | have_query_cache       | yes      |
    | have_rtree_keys        | yes      |
    | have_ssl               | disabled |
    | have_statement_timeout | yes      |
    | have_symlink           | yes      |
    +------------------------+----------+
    11 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    

    2、engine={存储引起类型}  创建表的时候,设置存储引擎

    mysql> create table a(
        -> i bigint(20) not null auto_increment,
        -> primary key (i)
        -> ) engine=myisam default charset=gbk;
    error 2006 (hy000): mysql server has gone away
    no connection. trying to reconnect...
    connection id:    3
    current database: test
    
    query ok, 0 rows affected (1.33 sec)
    
    

    3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎

    mysql> alter table a engine=innodb;
    query ok, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec)
    records: 0  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> show create table a \g;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
           table: a
    create table: create table `a` (
      `i` bigint(20) not null auto_increment,
      primary key (`i`)
    ) engine=innodb default charset=gbk
    1 row in set (0.14 sec)
    
    

    3.1 常用存储引擎的对比

    特点 myisam  innodb memory merge ndb
    存储限制 有  64tb 没有
    事务安全   支持      
    锁机制 表锁 行锁 表锁 表锁 表锁
    b 树索引 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
    哈希索引     支持   支持
    全文索引 支持        
    集群索引   支持      
    数据缓存   支持 支持   支持
    索引缓存 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
    数据可压缩   支持        
    空间使用   n/a
    内存使用 中等
    批量插入的速度
    支持外键   支持      

    3.2 常用存储引擎学习(myisam、innodb、memory 和 merge)

    myisam:

    默认的mysql存储引擎,不支持事务和外键

    优点:访问速度快

    每个myisam在磁盘上存储成3个文件,其文件名和表名都相同。扩展名分别是:

    .frm (存储表定义)

    .myd (mydata,存储数据)

    .myi (myindex,存储索引)

    (数据文件和索引文件可以放置在不同的目录,平均分布 io,获得更快的速度。)

    innodb:

    处理效率较差,占用较多的空间用来保留数据和索引

    优点:具有提交、回滚、奔溃恢复能力的事务安全、唯一支持外键的存储引擎

    自动增长列:innodb 表的自动增长列可以手工插入,但是插入的值如果是空或者 0,则实际插入的将是自动增长后的值

    mysql> create table autoincre_demo(
        -> i smallint not null auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(10),primary key(i)
        -> )engine=innodb;
    error 2006 (hy000): mysql server has gone away
    no connection. trying to reconnect...
    connection id:    5
    current database: test
    
    query ok, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into autoincre_demo values(1,"121"),(0,"dddf"),(null,"fdf");
    query ok, 3 rows affected (0.59 sec)
    records: 3  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from autoincre_demo;
    +---+------+
    | i | name |
    +---+------+
    | 1 | 121  |
    | 2 | dddf |
    | 3 | fdf  |
    +---+------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    

    alter table tabename auto_increment=n 设置自动增长列的初始值(此值默认从1开始)

    可以使用 last_insert_id()查询当前线程最后插入记录使用的值。如果一次插入了多条记录,那么返回的是第一条记录使用的自动增长值。

    下面的例子演示了使用 last_insert_id()的情况:

    mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3');
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.36 sec)
    
    mysql> select last_insert_id();
    +------------------+
    | last_insert_id() |
    +------------------+
    |               15 |
    +------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'),('6'),('323'),('21');
    query ok, 4 rows affected (0.09 sec)
    records: 4  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select last_insert_id();
    +------------------+
    | last_insert_id() |
    +------------------+
    |               16 |
    +------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    

    外键约束:

    在创建外键的时候,要求父表必须有对应的索引,子表在创建外键的时候也会自动创建对应的索引。

    下面是样例数据库中的两个表,country 表是父表,country_id 为主键索引,city 表是子表,country_id 字段对 country 表的 country_id 有外键。

    mysql> create table country(
        -> country_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment,
        -> country varchar(50) not null,
        -> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp,
        -> primary key(country_id)
        -> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    
    query ok, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec)
    mysql> create table city (
        -> city_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment,
        -> city varchar(50) not null,
        -> country_id smallint unsigned not null,
        -> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp,
        -> primary key (city_id),
        -> key idx_fk_country_id (country_id),
        -> constraint `fk_city_country` foreign key (country_id) references country (country_id) on
        -> delete restrict on update cascade
        -> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    query ok, 0 rows affected (3.22 sec)
    
    

     在创建索引的时候,可以指定在删除、更新父表时,对子表进行的相应操作,包 restrict、cascade、set null 和 no action

    • restrict no action 相同,是指限制在子表有关联记录的情况下父表不能更新
    • cascade 表示父表在更新或者删除时,更新或者删除子表对应记录;
    • set null 则表示父表在更新或者删除的时候,子表的对应字段被 set null
    mysql> select * from country;
    +------------+---------+---------------------+
    | country_id | country | last_update         |
    +------------+---------+---------------------+
    |          1 | aaa     | 2021-06-16 15:09:22 |
    +------------+---------+---------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from city;
    +---------+------+------------+---------------------+
    | city_id | city | country_id | last_update         |
    +---------+------+------------+---------------------+
    |      10 | bb   |          1 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |
    +---------+------+------------+---------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> delete from country where country_id = 1;
    error 1451 (23000): cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`city`, constraint `fk_city_country` foreign key (`country_id`) references `country` (`country_id`) on update cascade)
    
    mysql> update country set country_id = 10000 where country_id = 1;
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)
    rows matched: 1  changed: 1  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from country;
    +------------+---------+---------------------+
    | country_id | country | last_update         |
    +------------+---------+---------------------+
    |      10000 | aaa     | 2021-06-16 15:13:35 |
    +------------+---------+---------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from city
        -> ;
    +---------+------+------------+---------------------+
    | city_id | city | country_id | last_update         |
    +---------+------+------------+---------------------+
    |      10 | bb   |      10000 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |
    +---------+------+------------+---------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    

    在导入多个表的数据时,如果需要忽略表之前的导入顺序,可以暂时关闭外键的检查;同样,在执行 load data alter table 操作的时候,可以通过暂时关闭外键约束来加快处理的速度,关闭的命令是“set foreign_key_checks = 0;”,执行完成之后,通过执行“setforeign_key_checks = 1;”语句改回原状态。

    查看表外键信息:show create table 或者 show table status 命令

    mysql> show table status like 'city' \g;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
               name: city
             engine: innodb
            version: 10
         row_format: dynamic
               rows: 1
     avg_row_length: 16384
        data_length: 16384
    max_data_length: 0
       index_length: 16384
          data_free: 0
     auto_increment: 11
        create_time: 2021-06-16 15:02:17
        update_time: 2021-06-16 15:13:35
         check_time: null
          collation: utf8_general_ci
           checksum: null
     create_options:
            comment:
    1 row in set (0.43 sec)
    
    error:
    no query specified
     
    
    

     存储方式:

    •   (1)、使用共享表空间存储:表的表结构保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引存在 innodb_data_home_dir innodb_data_file_path 定义的表空间中,可以是多个文件
    •   (2)、使用多表空间存储:表的表结构也保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引单独存在.ibd中;如果是分区表,则每个分区对应单独的.ibd文件,文件名是:“表名+分区名”,可以在创建分区的时候指定每个分区的数据文件的位置,以此来将表的 io 均匀分布在多个磁盘上

     memory:

    使用存在内存中的内容来创建表

    每个 memory 表只实际对应一个磁盘文件,格式是.frm

    优点:访问速度快(数据存储在内存中),并且默认使用hash索引,服务关闭则数据丢失

    mysql> create table tab_memory engine=memory
        -> select city_id,city,country_id
        -> from city group by city_id;
    error 2006 (hy000): mysql server has gone away
    no connection. trying to reconnect...
    connection id:    12
    current database: test
    
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)
    records: 1  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from tab_memory;
    +---------+------+------------+
    | city_id | city | country_id |
    +---------+------+------------+
    |      10 | bb   |      10000 |
    +---------+------+------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show table status like 'tab_memory' \g
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
               name: tab_memory
             engine: memory
            version: 10
         row_format: fixed
               rows: 1
     avg_row_length: 155
        data_length: 520320
    max_data_length: 65011650
       index_length: 0
          data_free: 0
     auto_increment: null
        create_time: 2021-06-16 15:28:58
        update_time: null
         check_time: null
          collation: utf8_unicode_ci
           checksum: null
     create_options:
            comment:
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    

    给表创建索引的时候可以指定索引类型是hash或是btree

    mysql> create index mem_hash using hash on tab_memory(city_id);
    error 2006 (hy000): mysql server has gone away
    no connection. trying to reconnect...
    connection id:    13
    current database: test
    
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.63 sec)
    records: 1  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> show index from tab_memory \g;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
            table: tab_memory
       non_unique: 1
         key_name: mem_hash
     seq_in_index: 1
      column_name: city_id
        collation: null
      cardinality: 1
         sub_part: null
           packed: null
             null:
       index_type: hash
          comment:
    index_comment:
    1 row in set (0.32 sec)
    
    error:
    no query specified
    
    mysql> drop index mem_hash on tab_memory;
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)
    records: 1  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> create index mem_hash using btree on tab_memory(city_id);
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
    records: 1  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> show index from tab_memory \g;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
            table: tab_memory
       non_unique: 1
         key_name: mem_hash
     seq_in_index: 1
      column_name: city_id
        collation: a
      cardinality: null
         sub_part: null
           packed: null
             null:
       index_type: btree
          comment:
    index_comment:
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    error:
    no query specified
     
    

    merge:

    此存储殷勤是一组myisam表的组合

    merge 类型的表可以进行查询、更新、删除的操作,这些操作实际上是对内部的实际的 myisam 表进行的。

    对于 merge 类型表的插入操作,是通过insert_method 子句定义插入的表,可以有 3 个不同的值,使用 first 或 last 值使得插入操作被相应地作用在第一或最后一个表上,不定义这个子句或者定义为 no,表示不能对这个 merge 表执行插入操作。

    可以对 merge 表进行 drop 操作,这个操作只是删除 merge 的定义,对内部的表没有任何的影响。

    存储文件:一个.frm 文件存储表定义,另一个.mrg 文件包含组合表的信息,包括 merge 表由哪些表组成、插入新的数据时的依据

    mysql> create table payment_2020(
        -> country_id smallint,
        -> payment_date datetime,
        -> amount decimal(15,2),
        -> key idx_fk_country_id (country_id)
        -> )engine=myisam;
    query ok, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
    
    mysql>  create table payment_2021(
        -> country_id smallint,
        -> payment_date datetime,
        -> amount decimal(15,2),
        -> key idx_fk_country_id (country_id)
        -> )engine=myisam;
    query ok, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)
    
    mysql> create table payment_all(
        -> country_id smallint,
        -> payment_date datetime,
        -> amount decimal(15,2),
        -> index(country_id)
        -> )engine=merge union=(payment_2020,payment_2021) insert_method=last;
    query ok, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
    
    
    

    分别向2020和2021中插入数据,并查询

    mysql> insert into payment_2020 values(1,'2020-06-01',100000),(2,'2020-06-15',150000);
    query ok, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    records: 2  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into payment_2021 values(1,'2021-04-20',35000),(2,'2021-06-15',220000);
    query ok, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    records: 2  duplicates: 0  warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from payment_2020;
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    |          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 |
    |          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from payment_2021;
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    |          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |  35000.00 |
    |          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from payment_all;
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    |          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 |
    |          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |
    |          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |  35000.00 |
    |          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    

    可以发现,payment_all 表中的数据是 payment_2020 payment_2021 表的记录合并后的结果集

    下面向 merge 表插入一条记录,由于 merge 表的定义是 insert_method=last,就会向最后一个表中插入记录,所以虽然这里插入的记录是 2006 年的,但仍然会写到 payment_2021表中。

    mysql> insert into payment_all values(3,'2020-03-30',12333131);
    query ok, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from payment_all;
    +------------+---------------------+-------------+
    | country_id | payment_date        | amount      |
    +------------+---------------------+-------------+
    |          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 |   100000.00 |
    |          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 |   150000.00 |
    |          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |    35000.00 |
    |          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |   220000.00 |
    |          3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |
    +------------+---------------------+-------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from payment_2021;
    +------------+---------------------+-------------+
    | country_id | payment_date        | amount      |
    +------------+---------------------+-------------+
    |          1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |    35000.00 |
    |          2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |   220000.00 |
    |          3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |
    +------------+---------------------+-------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from payment_2020;
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    | country_id | payment_date        | amount    |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    |          1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 |
    |          2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |
    +------------+---------------------+-----------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

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