SQL Server 的T-SQL高级查询详解

基本常用查询

--select
select * from student;
--all 查询所有
select all sex from student;
--distinct 过滤重复
select distinct sex from student;
--count 统计
select count(*) from student;
select count(sex) from student;
select count(distinct sex) from student;
--top 取前n条记录
select top 3 * from student;
--alias column name 列重命名
select id as 编号, name '名称', sex 性别 from student;
--alias table name 表重命名
select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s;
--column 列运算
select (age + id) col from student;
select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;
--where 条件
select * from student where id = 2;
select * from student where id > 7;
select * from student where id < 3;
select * from student where id <> 3;
select * from student where id >= 3;
select * from student where id <= 5;
select * from student where id !> 3;
select * from student where id !< 5;
--and 并且
select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1;
--or 或者
select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1;
--between ... and ... 相当于并且
select * from student where id between 2 and 5;
select * from student where id not between 2 and 5;
--like 模糊查询
select * from student where name like  '%a%';
select * from student where name like  '%[a][o]%';
select * from student where name not like  '%a%';
select * from student where name like 'ja%';
select * from student where name not like '%[j,n]%';
select * from student where name like '%[j,n,a]%';
select * from student where name like '%[^ja,as,on]%';
select * from student where name like '%[ja_on]%';
--in 子查询
select * from student where id in (1, 2);
--not in 不在其中
select * from student where id not in (1, 2);
--is null 是空
select * from student where age is null;
--is not null 不为空
select * from student where age is not null;
--order by 排序
select * from student order by name;
select * from student order by name desc;
select * from student order by name asc;
--group by 分组
按照年龄进行分组统计
select count(age), age from student group by age;
按照性别进行分组统计
select count(*), sex from student group by sex;
按照年龄和性别组合分组统计，并排序
select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;
按照性别分组，并且是id大于2的记录最后按照性别排序
select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;
查询id大于2的数据，并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序
select count(*), (sex * id) new from student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id;
--group by all 所有分组
按照年龄分组，是所有的年龄
select count(*), age from student group by all age;
--having 分组过滤条件
按照年龄分组，过滤年龄为空的数据，并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息
select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null;
按照年龄和cid组合分组，过滤条件是cid大于1的记录
select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1;
按照年龄分组，过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2
select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2;
按照cid和性别组合分组，过滤条件是cid大于1，cid的最大值大于2
select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;

嵌套子查询

子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择，而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。

from (select … table)示例

将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询
select * from (
    select id, name from student where sex = 1
) t where t.id > 2;

上面括号中的语句，就是子查询语句（内部查询）。在外面的是外部查询，其中外部查询可以包含以下语句：

1、包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询

2、包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句

3、可选的where子句

4、可选的group by子句

5、可选的having子句

示例

查询班级信息，统计班级学生人生
select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num 
from classes order by num;

in, not in子句查询示例

查询班级id大于小于的这些班级的学生信息
select * from student where cid in (
    select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4
);
查询不是班的学生信息
select * from student where cid not in (
    select id from classes where name = '2班'
)

in、not in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列，这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cid对应子句的id；

exists和not exists子句查询示例

查询存在班级id为的学生信息
select * from student where exists (
    select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3
);
查询没有分配班级的学生信息
select * from student where not exists (
    select * from classes where id = student.cid
);

exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件，如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如：id等于student.id；

some、any、all子句查询示例

select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all (
    select age from student where cid = 3
);
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any (
    select age from student where cid = 3
);
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some (
    select age from student where cid = 3
);

聚合查询

1、 distinct去掉重复数据

select distinct sex from student;
select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;

2、 compute和compute by汇总查询

对年龄大于的进行汇总
select age from student 
where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age;
对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息
select id, sex, age from student 
where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex;
按照年龄分组汇总
select age from student 
where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age);
按照年龄分组，年龄汇总，id找最大值
select id, age from student 
where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);

compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果，后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式，可以添加的信息如下：

a、可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合

b、行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等

c、要对其执行聚合函数的列

compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。

3、 cube汇总

cube汇总和compute效果类似，但语法较简洁，而且返回的是一个结果集。

select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube;
select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;

cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总

排序函数

排序在很多地方需要用到，需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如：

1、对某张表进行排序，序号需要递增不重复的

2、对学生的成绩进行排序，得出名次，名次可以并列，但名次的序号是连续递增的

3、在某些排序的情况下，需要跳空序号，虽然是并列

基本语法

排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
排序子句 order by 列名, 列名
分组子句 partition by 分组列, 分组列

row_number函数

根据排序子句给出递增连续序号

按照名称排序的顺序递增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

rank函数函数

根据排序子句给出递增的序号，但是存在并列并且跳空

select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student;
跳过相同递增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(order by c.name) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

dense_rank函数

根据排序子句给出递增的序号，但是存在并列不跳空

不跳过，直接递增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

partition by分组子句

可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序，partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。

利用partition by按照班级名称分组，学生id排序
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

ntile平均排序函数

将要排序的数据进行平分，然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。

select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, 
ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

集合运算

操作两组查询结果，进行交集、并集、减集运算

1、 union和union all进行并集运算

--union 并集、不重复
select id, name from student where name like 'ja%'
union
select id, name from student where id = 4;
--并集、重复
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
union all
select * from student;

2、 intersect进行交集运算

--交集（相同部分）
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
intersect
select * from student;

3、 except进行减集运算

--减集（除相同部分）
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
except
select * from student where name like 'jas%';

公式表表达式

查询表的时候，有时候中间表需要重复使用，这些子查询被重复查询调用，不但效率低，而且可读性低，不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。

我们可以将公式表表达式（cet）视为临时结果集，在select、insert、update、delete或是create view语句的执行范围内进行定义。

--表达式
with statnum(id, num) as 
(
    select cid, count(*) 
    from student 
    where id > 0
    group by cid
)
select id, num from statnum order by id;
with statnum(id, num) as 
(
    select cid, count(*) 
    from student 
    where id > 0
    group by cid
)
select max(id), avg(num) from statnum;

连接查询

1、简化连接查询

--简化联接查询
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;

2、 left join左连接

--左连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

3、 right join右连接

--右连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

4、 inner join内连接

--内连接
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
--inner可以省略
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

5、 cross join交叉连接

5、 cross join交叉连接
--交叉联接查询，结果是一个笛卡儿乘积
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c
--where s.cid = c.id;

6、自连接（同一张表进行连接查询）

--自连接
select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;

函数

1、聚合函数

max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差

select 
    max(age) max_age, 
    min(age) min_age, 
    count(age) count_age, 
    avg(age) avg_age, 
    sum(age) sum_age, 
    var(age) var_age 
from student;

2、日期时间函数

select dateadd(day, 3, getdate());--加天
select dateadd(year, 3, getdate());--加年
select dateadd(hour, 3, getdate());--加小时
--返回跨两个指定日期的日期边界数和时间边界数
select datediff(day, '2011-06-20', getdate());
--相差秒数
select datediff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getdate());
--相差小时数
select datediff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getdate());
select datename(month, getdate());--当前月份
select datename(minute, getdate());--当前分钟
select datename(weekday, getdate());--当前星期
select datepart(month, getdate());--当前月份
select datepart(weekday, getdate());--当前星期
select datepart(second, getdate());--当前秒数
select day(getdate());--返回当前日期天数
select day('2011-06-30');--返回当前日期天数
select month(getdate());--返回当前日期月份
select month('2011-11-10');
select year(getdate());--返回当前日期年份
select year('2010-11-10');
select getdate();--当前系统日期
select getutcdate();--utc日期

3、数学函数

select pi();--pi函数
select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--随机数
select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精确小数位
--精确位数，负数表示小数点前
select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2);
select round(123.4567, 1, 2);

4、元数据

select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);--返回列名
select col_name(object_id('student'), 2);
--该列数据类型长度
select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2)); 
--该列数据类型长度
select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1)); 
--返回类型名称、类型id
select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar');
--返回列类型长度
select columnproperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'precision');
--返回列所在索引位置
select columnproperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'columnid');

5、字符串函数

select ascii('a');--字符转换ascii值
select ascii('a');
select char(97);--ascii值转换字符
select char(65);
select nchar(65);
select nchar(45231);
select nchar(32993);--unicode转换字符
select unicode('a'), unicode('中');--返回unicode编码值
select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word');
select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');--匹配字符索引
select 'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';--输出空格
select charindex('o', 'hello world');--查找索引
select charindex('o', 'hello world', 6);--查找索引
select quotename('abc[]def'), quotename('123]45');
--精确数字
select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4);
select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6);
select difference('hello', 'helloworld');--比较字符串相同
select difference('hello', 'world');
select difference('hello', 'llo');
select difference('hello', 'hel');
select difference('hello', 'hello');
select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'e');--替换字符串
select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'abc');--指定位置替换字符串
select replicate('abc#', 3);--重复字符串
select substring('abc', 1, 1), substring('abc', 1, 2), substring('hello wrold', 7, 5);--截取字符串
select len('abc');--返回长度
select reverse('sqlserver');--反转字符串
select left('leftstring', 4);--取左边字符串
select left('leftstring', 7);
select right('leftstring', 6);--取右边字符串
select right('leftstring', 3);
select lower('abc'), lower('abc');--小写
select upper('abc'), upper('abc');--大写
--去掉左边空格
select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim('  abc');
--去掉右边空格
select rtrim(' abc    '), rtrim('# abc#   '), rtrim('abc');

6、安全函数

select current_user;
select user;
select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest');
select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2);
select session_user;
select suser_id('sa');
select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin');
select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public');
select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3);
select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03);
select is_srvrolemember('sysadmin'), is_srvrolemember('serveradmin');
select permissions(object_id('student'));
select system_user;
select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest');
select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);

7、系统函数

select app_name();--当前会话的应用程序名称
select cast(2011 as datetime), cast('10' as money), cast('0' as varbinary);--类型转换
select convert(datetime, '2011');--类型转换
select coalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');--返回其参数中第一个非空表达式
select collationproperty('traditional_spanish_cs_as_ks_ws', 'codepage');
select current_timestamp;--当前时间戳
select current_user;
select isdate(getdate()), isdate('abc'), isnumeric(1), isnumeric('a');
select datalength('abc');
select host_id();
select host_name();
select db_name();
select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');--返回主键id的最大值
select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');--id的增量值
select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes');
select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值
select identity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--将studeng表的烈属，以/1自增形式创建一个tab
select * from tab;
select @@rowcount;--影响行数
select @@cursor_rows;--返回连接上打开的游标的当前限定行的数目
select @@error;--t-sql的错误号
select @@procid;

8、配置函数

set datefirst 7;--设置每周的第一天，表示周日
select @@datefirst as '星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getdate()) as '今天是星期';
select @@dbts;--返回当前数据库唯一时间戳
set language 'italian';
select @@langid as 'language id';--返回语言id
select @@language as 'language name';--返回当前语言名称
select @@lock_timeout;--返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置（毫秒）
select @@max_connections;--返回sql server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数
select @@max_precision as 'max precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 数据类型所用的精度级别
select @@servername;--sql server 的本地服务器的名称
select @@servicename;--服务名
select @@spid;--当前会话进程id
select @@textsize;
select @@version;--当前数据库版本信息

9、系统统计函数

select @@connections;--连接数
select @@pack_received;
select @@cpu_busy;
select @@pack_sent;
select @@timeticks;
select @@idle;
select @@total_errors;
select @@io_busy;
select @@total_read;--读取磁盘次数
select @@packet_errors;--发生的网络数据包错误数
select @@total_write;--sqlserver执行的磁盘写入次数
select patindex('%soft%', 'microsoft sqlserver');
select patindex('soft%', 'software sqlserver');
select patindex('%soft', 'sqlserver microsoft');
select patindex('%so_gr%', 'jsonisprogram');

10、用户自定义函数

查看当前数据库所有函数

--查询所有已创建函数
select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id
and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');

创建函数

if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') is not null)
    drop function fun_add
go
create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int)
    returns int
with execute as caller
as
    begin
        declare @result int;
        if (@num1 is null)
            set @num1 = 0;
        if (@num2 is null)
            set @num2 = 0;
        set @result = @num1 + @num2;
        return @result;
    end
go
调用函数
select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;
--自定义函数，字符串连接
if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') is not null)
    drop function fun_append
go
create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
    returns nvarchar(2048)
as
    begin
        return @args + @args2;
    end
go
select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;

# 修改函数
alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
    returns nvarchar(1024)
as
    begin
        declare @result varchar(1024);    
        --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值    
        set @args = coalesce(@args, '');
        set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');;
        set @result = @args + @args2;
        return @result;
    end
go
select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;

修改函数

alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
    returns nvarchar(1024)
as
    begin
        declare @result varchar(1024);    
        --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值    
        set @args = coalesce(@args, '');
        set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');;
        set @result = @args + @args2;
        return @result;
    end
go
select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;

返回table类型函数

--返回table对象函数
select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like '%f%';
if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_sturecord'))
    drop function fun_find_sturecord
go
create function fun_find_sturecord(@id int)
    returns table
as
    return (select * from student where id = @id);
go
select * from dbo.fun_find_sturecord(2);

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