安装oracle数据库软件,dbca安装数据库后,需要配置listener连接数据库。这里有一些概念比较难理解,记录一些分析实战结论。
从连接端讲起。
1 连接数据库的方式
oracle的连接串有几部分构成,这里就按sqlplus为例,一个完成的连接串遵循下面格式
sqlplus 用户名/密码@主机:端口号/sid 可选as sysdba
下面先讲只有listener没有tns的情况
2 listener
使用listener连接需要配置完整连接信息,这里分为两种连接方式,我们看一个listener的例子:
(带sid的listener使用netmgr增加listener的datavase services即可出现sid的配置)
listener2 = (description = (address = (protocol = tcp)(host = izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz)(port = 1522)) ) sid_list_listener2 = (sid_list = (sid_desc = (global_dbname = gdn1400) (oracle_home = /fdisk1/oracle1400/base/dbhome_1) (sid_name = orcl1400) ) ) adr_base_listener2 = /fdisk1/oracle1400/base listener1 = (description = (address = (protocol = tcp)(host = izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz)(port = 1521)) ) adr_base_listener1 = /fdisk1/oracle1400/base
这里有两个listener,有sid的叫做静态listener,没有sid的叫做动态listener。在查看状态时存在区别:
lsnrctl status listener1 ... services summary... service "orcl1400" has 1 instance(s). instance "orcl1400", status ready, has 1 handler(s) for this service... service "orcl1400xdb" has 1 instance(s). instance "orcl1400", status ready, has 1 handler(s) for this service... the command completed successfully lsnrctl status listener2 ... services summary... service "gdn1400" has 1 instance(s). instance "orcl1400", status unknown, has 1 handler(s) for this service... the command completed successfully
注意对于lsnrctl来说,service的名字是global database name
我们在看一个连接串:
sqlplus sys/password@izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz:1521/orcl1400 as sysdba
这个连接串中最需要关注的就是服务名了,这里是orcl1400。
注意!:这个服务名必须由listener中的某一个提供,这里listener2的服务名提供的是gdn1400,而listener1没有提供服务名。那么如何连接数据库呢?答案就是走listener1的连接会去数据库中动态的查询服务名(所以叫做动态连接)
sql> show parameter service name type value ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ service_names string orcl1400
也就是为什么使用orcl1400能连上数据库。这里我们使用静态连接试一下,也是可以连接数据库的(注意端口号和动态的不同)
sqlplus sys/password@izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz:1522/gdn1400 as sysdba sql*plus: release 12.1.0.2.0 production on thu may 30 20:51:00 2019 copyright (c) 1982, 2014, oracle. all rights reserved. connected to: oracle database 12c enterprise edition release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit production with the partitioning, olap, advanced analytics and real application testing options sql>
3 tns
那么tns是什么呢?我们看下这个连接串。
sqlplus sys/password@izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz:1521/orcl1400 as sysdba
@后面的信息很多,能否省略呢?比如
sqlplus sys/password@tns1400 as sysdba
这样看起来简洁很多也便于管理,tns即实现了这个功能,我们看一个tnsnames.ora的配置:
nsn1522 = (description = (address_list = (address = (protocol = tcp)(host = izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz)(port = 1522)) ) (connect_data = (service_name = gdn1400) ) ) nsn1521 = (description = (address_list = (address = (protocol = tcp)(host = izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz)(port = 1521)) ) (connect_data = (service_name = orcl1400) ) )
这里可以看到,最左面的nsn1522和nsn1521就是我们可以@的服务名字。内部的映射信息是指向listener的,这里的servicename要和上面的global database name对应上!
nsn1522, izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz, 1522, gdn1400 -----> listener2 nsn1521, izbp1d4tisi44j6vxze02fz, 1521, orcl1400 -----> listener1
两个别名指向了两个不同的listener,连接测试:
# sqlplus sys/password@nsn1521 as sysdba sql*plus: release 12.1.0.2.0 production on thu may 30 20:58:51 2019 copyright (c) 1982, 2014, oracle. all rights reserved. connected to: oracle database 12c enterprise edition release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit production with the partitioning, olap, advanced analytics and real application testing options sql> # sqlplus sys/password@nsn1522 as sysdba sql*plus: release 12.1.0.2.0 production on thu may 30 20:58:55 2019 copyright (c) 1982, 2014, oracle. all rights reserved. connected to: oracle database 12c enterprise edition release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit production with the partitioning, olap, advanced analytics and real application testing options sql>
注意:tns依赖lsnrctl使用,可以理解为hostname这样的概念,注意tns的service_name等信息必须和listener关联才能连接!
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