第三章组函数和表关系
字符串函数
— concat 连接两个字符串
select concat(‘abc’,’abc’) from dual;
select ‘abc’||’abc’ from dual;
select concat(first_name,’_’)||last_name con,t.* from employees t;
— initcap 返回字符串,第一个大写,其余小写
select initcap(email) from employees;
— length 返回字符串长度
select length(email),t.* from employees t;
— lower 所有字符小写
— upper 所有字符大写
select lower(first_name),upper(last_name),t.* from employees t;
— substr 字符串截取
select substr(‘123456789’,3,4) from dual;
从第 3个 截取,截取 4 个字符
— replace 字符串替换
select replace(‘he love you’, ‘he’, ‘i’) from dual;
i love you
数学函数
— ceil 返回大于或等于给出数字的最大整数
select ceil(‘123.456789’) from dual;
select ceil(‘123’) from dual;
— floor 返回小于或等于给出数字的最小整数
select floor(‘123.456789’) from dual;
— round 函数进行四舍五入
select round(124.1666,-2),round(124.1666,2) from dual;
-2,小数点前两位,四舍五入
2,小数点前两位,四舍五入
— trunc 函数进行截取,直接截取,不进行四舍五入
select trunc(124.1666,-2) , trunc(124.16666,2) from dual;
日期函数
select sysdate from dual;
select to_char(sysdate,’yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss’) from dual;
select to_char(sysdate,’yyyy-mm-dd hh12:mi:ss’) from dual;
select to_date(‘2019-02-27 18:30:31′,’yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss’) from dual;
select systimestamp from dual;
select to_timestamp(‘2019-02-27 18:30:31.123′,’yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss.ff’) from dual;
— add_months 增加或减去月份
select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
select add_months(sysdate,-2) from dual;
— months_between 显示日期相差的月数
select months_between(
to_date(‘2019-02-01′,’yyyy-mm-dd’),
to_date(‘2019-10-01′,’yyyy-mm-dd’)
) from dual;
聚合函数,组函数
— max 最大值
select department_id,max(salary) from employees group by department_id;
— min 最小值
select manager_id,min(salary) from employees group by manager_id;
— avg 平均
select department_id,avg(salary) avgsal from employees group by department_id;
— sum 总和
select department_id,sum(salary) sumsal from employees group by department_id;
— count 统计
select count(1) from employees;
表关系 设计阶段
多表连接 sql实现阶段
示例: